Dr. Ashraf Keshk

In fact, talking about threats to oil installations is not new, and there have been many cases of aggression in the Arabian Gulf region, in light of the intensification of regional conflicts on the one hand and technological development on the other, the protection of these facilities has become a prerequisite.

Where does NATO’s role as a purely defence organization end, and when does the EU’s role as a regional security organization with a different approach to conflict resolution begin?

Although technological development is a feature of the modern era and is reflected in all fields, including the field of defense, the latter is the most important because it is related to the national security of countries as a whole and not to a specific sector, and far from delving into defining the meaning of military technology and its manifestations, its direct impact is the absence of the element of surprise, which is the essence of the defense doctrine of states.

Without going into the details of the consequences of these crises over the past three years from 2020 to 2022, the logical question is what lessons have been learned from these dramatic shifts?

Although it is difficult to predict the course of crises in general, especially those of a violent military nature, where all possibilities remain, the continuation of the Ukrainian crisis in this way represents a dilemma for both Russia and the West for three reasons.

The question that always arises is whether maritime security is a purely legal issue, i.e. respect by States for the contents of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Or is it the de facto ability of a state to protect its international trade through strategic waterways? Or the ability to deal with anticipated marine disasters?